Leopold Philip de Heister: A Hessian General in the American Revolutionary War

Early Life and Military Career

Leopold Philip de Heister was born on April 4, 1716, in Homberg, within the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel.

As a young man, he embarked on a military career within his native Hessian service, quickly establishing himself as a capable and resilient soldier.

Seeking broader military experience, Heister temporarily joined French forces during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748).

His service during this conflict was marked by significant hardship—he was wounded and captured at the Battle of Braunau.

Despite these setbacks, he returned to Hessian service, where he participated in the pivotal Seven Years' War (1756–1763).

During the Seven Years' War, Heister’s leadership and courage were evident as he commanded the elite Guard Cavalry Regiment.

He sustained wounds in multiple key engagements, including the Battles of Hastenbeck, Krefeld, and Bergen.

These experiences underscored his determination and tactical acumen, earning him recognition and a promotion to Major General by the war’s conclusion.

Role in the American Revolutionary War

In 1776, the Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel, known for renting out Hessian troops to foreign powers, struck an agreement with the British government to provide military support against the American colonies.

De Heister, a seasoned and respected officer, was selected to command the Hessian contingent, which became a crucial part of British operations in the American Revolutionary War.

On August 25, 1776, De Heister arrived at Long Island near New Utrecht, leading two full Hessian brigades.

This landing occurred three days after British General William Howe had disembarked his forces. As the invading army prepared to engage the American rebels, De Heister’s Hessians formed the central column, playing a pivotal role in the Battle of Long Island.

His troops were tasked with cannonading the American defenses at Flatbush Pass (modern-day Battle Pass), a strategic position in the battle.

De Heister’s leadership was marked by aggressive tactics. He ordered Colonel Carl von Donop to storm the redoubt while pressing forward with the main body of Hessian troops.

The attack was brutal and efficient.

According to a British officer’s account, “Our Hessians and our brave Highlanders gave no quarter, and it was a fine sight to see with what alacrity they despatched the rebels with their bayonets after we surrounded them so they could not resist.

” This decisive engagement contributed significantly to the British victory at Long Island.

De Heister also commanded Hessian forces during the Battle of White Plains on October 28, 1776. While his troops fought valiantly, the campaign’s momentum began to shift as the war progressed.

Removal from Command

Despite his early contributions to the British cause, De Heister’s tenure as commander of the Hessian forces was marred by challenges.

The defeat at the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776, where Hessian troops suffered a devastating loss to General George Washington’s Continental Army, damaged his reputation.

This loss, combined with ongoing disagreements with General William Howe, led to De Heister’s removal from command in 1777.

He was succeeded by his deputy, Wilhelm von Knyphausen, another experienced Hessian officer.

Later Life and Legacy

Following his dismissal, Leopold Philip de Heister returned to Hesse-Kassel, where he lived out the remainder of his life.

He passed away on November 19, 1777, in Kassel.

Despite his controversial role in the American Revolutionary War, De Heister’s career exemplifies the disciplined professionalism of Hessian troops and their significant impact on the conflict.

Conclusion

Leopold Philip de Heister’s military career spanned decades and continents, marked by resilience, tactical skill, and loyalty to his homeland.

As a commander of the Hessian forces in the American Revolutionary War, he played a pivotal role in early British victories, though his tenure ended amidst challenges and controversy.

His legacy remains a testament to the complexities of 18th-century warfare and the global dimensions of the American Revolution.

Leopold Philip de Heister’s