William Smallwood: Soldier, Statesman, and Revolutionary Leader

William Smallwood (1732 – February 14, 1792) was an American planter, soldier, and politician from Charles County, Maryland. A distinguished officer during the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general and played a significant role in the Continental Army. Following the war, he transitioned into public service and was elected the fourth Governor of Maryland. His tenure as governor was particularly notable for overseeing Maryland’s adoption of the United States Constitution. Smallwood’s contributions to both the military and political spheres solidified his legacy as a key figure in the founding of the United States.

Casey Adams

1/30/20253 min read

Early Life and Background

William Smallwood was born in 1732 into a prominent Maryland family of planters and landowners.

His father, Bayne Smallwood, was a well-established planter, and the family’s wealth and social status allowed William to receive a formal education, likely in England, as was common for wealthy colonial families.

Like many of his contemporaries, Smallwood grew up immersed in the political and economic life of the Maryland colony.

By adulthood, he had become a successful planter, managing his family’s estate and actively participating in local affairs.

However, as tensions between the American colonies and Britain escalated in the 1770s, Smallwood became increasingly involved in the Patriot cause.

Military Service in the American Revolutionary War

Formation of the Maryland Line

With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, Smallwood emerged as a leading military figure in Maryland.

He was appointed colonel of the 1st Maryland Regiment, a unit that became known for its discipline and effectiveness.

The regiment was part of the larger force known as the Maryland Line, which would gain a reputation for its bravery and resilience throughout the war.

Battle of Long Island (1776)

Smallwood’s first major engagement came in the Battle of Long Island on August 27, 1776.

Tasked with covering the American retreat, his Maryland troops executed a legendary rear-guard action, holding off British forces and allowing much of George Washington’s army to escape.

This valiant stand cost the regiment dearly—many Maryland soldiers were killed or captured—but it earned them the nickname "The Old Line," a moniker that remains associated with Maryland to this day.

Promotion and Further Engagements

Recognizing his leadership, Congress promoted Smallwood to brigadier general in October 1776. He continued to serve with distinction in key battles, including:

Southern Campaign and Major General Rank

In 1780, Smallwood was promoted to major general, one of the highest ranks in the Continental Army.

He was assigned to command American forces in the Southern theater, where British forces were attempting to crush the revolution in the Carolinas and Georgia.

Although overshadowed by other Southern commanders like Nathanael Greene and Daniel Morgan, Smallwood played a crucial supporting role in organizing and leading troops in the region.

Political Career and Governorship

Transition to Politics

As the war neared its conclusion, Smallwood shifted his focus to political leadership.

He was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1781, demonstrating his continued commitment to the Patriot cause.

With the war’s end in 1783, Smallwood retired from military service and devoted himself fully to state politics.

Governor of Maryland (1785-1788)

In 1785, Smallwood was elected the fourth Governor of Maryland.

His tenure coincided with a pivotal moment in American history—the drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution.

One of his most significant achievements as governor was overseeing Maryland’s ratification of the Constitution.

Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the document on April 28, 1788, helping to secure its adoption as the framework of the new national government.

Smallwood also focused on strengthening Maryland’s economy, improving infrastructure, and addressing post-war financial concerns.

He firmly advocated a strong central government and believed the Constitution would provide the necessary stability to unite the former colonies into a functioning nation.

Later Life and Legacy

After completing his term as governor in 1788, Smallwood remained active in public affairs but declined further political office.

He retired to his plantation in Charles County, where he spent his remaining years managing his estate and enjoying the fruits of his service.

Smallwood passed away on February 14, 1792.

His contributions to the Revolutionary War and his leadership in Maryland’s early political development cemented his legacy as a patriot and a statesman.

Legacy and Honors

  • "The Old Line State" – Maryland’s nickname is directly tied to the bravery of Smallwood’s troops in the Battle of Long Island.

  • Smallwood State Park – Located in Maryland, this park preserves part of his former estate and serves as a reminder of his contributions.

  • Monuments and Memorials – Statues and historical markers across Maryland honor his role in the Revolution and his political leadership.

Conclusion

William Smallwood’s life reflects the dedication, sacrifice, and leadership that characterized the American Revolution.

From the battlefield to the governor’s office, he played a crucial role in shaping both Maryland and the United States during its formative years.

His service as a general and as governor helped lay the foundations of the new nation, making him one of Maryland’s most important historical figures.

William Smallwood